I wrote a few posts ago that what made me disheartened with this recent election is the apparent willingness of voters to embrace stupidity and lack of critical thinking, even to the point of making ignorance an asset rather than a liability. I simply cannot understand that.
I’ve written that facts just are. They are not open to opinion, interpretation or “that’s just your way of seeing things,” they are the foundation of thinking. While we may not like where they lead, that’s too bad. Of course, one’s interpretation of facts can be incorrect, but the facts themselves are what they are. My sister Kathleen tells of a play she saw where a set of facts are used to build a picture of a historical event, which turns out to be completely inaccurate when compared to the actual events. She uses this to illustrate that it’s possible to misinterpret facts and come to wrong conclusions, which is of course something to be considered when building a story around observations. One good example of that (which may seem trivial but it is illustrative nonetheless) is the observation that college entry test scores are strongly correlated to shoe size. That sounds like the bigger the person the more intelligent they are (good news for me; I’m 6’5” tall and weigh in at 260 pounds, with size 12 shoes. But one important additional fact changes things: when age is also factored in the correlation disappears (kids are smaller and obviously don’t do so well on college entry exams; when their scores are included it creates a false correlation between shoe size and test scores). But scientists are very much aware of the potential for these false correlations; the very term “coincidental” used in scientific studies means that two separate points share a relationship but that doesn’t establish cause and effect.
So while we can argue about what facts mean, there should be no argument about the facts themselves. Scientists are in agreement that our planet is getting warmer, and that the primary contributing factor is human activity. Yet Trump is allowed to say that global warming is a “hoax perpetrated by the Chinese for their own economic advantage.” How can rational people allow him to get away with such a ridiculous statement?
Sarah Palin has spent a lot of time railing against “elites” since she came to national attention as McCain’s choice for VP. I’m not sure what she meant specifically by that, but historically “elite” has meant above average or superior in ability or intellect. Think of “elite athletes” or “elite scholars.” The best of the best. For Palin (and the Republican Party at large) to make this into a pejorative is a travesty. Now to call somewhat elite is the same as calling them a snob. While I can see why if one calls themselves elite it would carry a connotation of snobbery, but for someone to refer to another as elite should be an honor. I want people leading this country who are above average. I want those providing advice to our government to be the best of the best. I want elites making policy decisions.
So how did we get to the place where we don’t trust experts in their field? Where we think that facts can be made to mean whatever we want?
It’s tempting to say this all started with the mantra I heard as a kid in the 60’s to “question authority.” But I don’t think that’s correct; I think that attitude was to encourage skepticism, not to honor ignorance. Skepticism is at the heart of critical thinking skills; just because someone in a position of some authority says something doesn’t in and of itself make it so; the whole point is to critically evaluate what you hear, even (especially?) if it’s from an accepted “authority figure.” That is a very different attitude than to take pride in being ignorant, which is what I hear from Palin’s diatribe against “the elites. I think when the Republican party realized after the 1964 election that they had to reinvent themselves to stay relevant and went after the religious vote, part of that was to position themselves as relatable to the common man. Of course there’s nothing wrong with that, unless it means trying to be something you are not. Having been the party of the privileged class, becoming relatable to the common man meant downplaying a big part of who they were. I think they went too far, to the point that a significant majority of the Republican party now views facts with disdain and intelligence with distrust. Maybe it’s because they’ve been so successful at convincing people that they’ve been duped by “the other side,” combined with a general lack of critical thinking, that now simply being smart is a negative.
Whatever the cause, it sure seems like we should be trying to be smarter, not dumber.
What would it get you to change your mind?
I’ve written a lot here about critical thinking, and how we seem to have lost that facility in our society. Or maybe not lost completely, but it sure seems to be in pretty short supply. It seems to me that I hear lots of opinions related as fact. People seem willing to restate what they’ve heard without thinking it through; without stopping to see if it makes sense. I know I’ve done that. Of course sometimes it’s benign or trivial, but other times this lack of critical thinking can cause significant problems.
A prime example is illustrated in our just-past election. I heard lots of people talk about how they hated Clinton, but when I asked exactly why it got murky. “She’s the most corrupt politician EVER!” was one I heard fairly often. When I asked what evidence they had sometimes I got “Everyone knows it.” Which of course is both nonsense and a gross exaggeration. I’d say “No, seriously. I want to know specifics.” It would usually degenerate into emotion and opinion very rapidly. The fact is that she has been subjected to intense scrutiny by some very hostile groups for 30 years, and literally nothing has come of it. Oh sure, you could take issue with her judgement, and I’m certainly not going to try to convince people of her likability, but that’s not the issue. Lots and LOTS of people have reached the conclusion that she must be corrupt because so many people say she is. Hardly an example of a well thought-out position.
So what is critical thinking, anyhow?
There are lots of different ways of defining it; dictionary.com says it is “disciplined thinking that is clear, rational, open-minded, and informed by evidence.” There is a Foundation for Critical Thinking with a more detailed and nuanced definition (and lots of resources for anyone interested in learning more); a Google search for free online courses on critical thinking just now got me something over 12 million hits, including what looks like a pretty comprehensive treatment from Oxford University (and it’s free!)
Most of the definitions boil down in one way or another to a process for evaluating information that is based on facts and evidence, and free of emotion. It is not meant to be confrontational or argumentative; in fact for the most part it can be done silently, inside your head.
I found one site (unfortunately it’s a pay site, so you’ll only see a teaser of the whole course) that included a very helpful description that pointed out the importance of humility in this process. This goes to the heart of my thinking for this blog entry: we all have ideas that are near and dear to us; our views on religion, politics, family relationships and the like come to mind, but we should be asking ourselves “What would it take for us to change our mind about something?” I think this captures at least part of the core of critical thinking: if facts conflict with our preconceived notions or beliefs, are we willing to modify our positions, or will we deny the facts and stick to our beliefs? It takes real humility to be able to change a strongly-held belief.
There’s a fair amount of evidence that indicates people today will dig in their heels if confronted with facts, and the more facts they are presented with, the stronger they dig in.
So back to my leading question: “What would it take to change your mind?” I think it’s a valuable exercise to think about those things that I “know” to be true, and what would happen if I were confronted with clear evidence that those are not true.
I hope I would go with the facts.